Its structure was fully characterized by extensive NMR and ESI–MS analysis. Through these means, 20 compounds were identified, including a new arylnaphthalene lignan, named comfreyn A. Īs part of our ongoing work that aims at better understanding the chemical composition of comfrey roots and obtaining preliminary insights on the contribution of its specialized metabolites to the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed an LC–MS n guided fractionation of a mucilage- and PA-depleted extract of comfrey root that showed inhibition of interleukin-1β-induced expression of E-selectin in HUVEC cells, at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. Īt present, medicinal products from comfrey root commercialized on the European market contain only extracts from pyrrolizidine-depleted plant material or are obtained from special cultivars that do not synthesize pyrrolizidine alkaloids. was reported to contain salvianolic acid isomers. Recently, a phenolic profile of a hydroalcoholic extract from the roots of Symphytum officinale L. Moreover, comfrey roots have yielded a number of oleanolic and bidesmosidic triterpene saponins. It was reported that the main constituents of comfrey root include allantoin, polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and abundant mucilage and polysaccharides composed of fructose and glucose units. Indeed, a liquid hydroalcoholic extract of comfrey root was clinically proven to be effective for the treatment of acute upper and lower back pain, gonarthrosis, and blunt injuries. PA-depleted extracts are used in over-the-counter topical medicines to reduce inflammation and for the treatment of broken bones, tendon damages, painful joints, and muscles. Therefore, care is taken to deplete the PA presence through extraction, and strict limits must be met for the placement on the market of PA containing herbal medicines. Comfrey roots contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) with 1,2 unsaturated necine structures, including lycopsamine, intermedine, their acetyl, and N-oxide derivatives, together with the diester symphytine. Nowadays, clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of its topical preparations. Comfrey is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, bronchitis, tuberculosis, ulcers, and hemorrhoids. (Boraginaceae) known as comfrey, is a perennial herbaceous plant commonly found in Europe, Asia, and North America. Finally, caffeic acid ethyl ester and comfreyn A were found to significantly inhibit E-selectin expression in IL-1β stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), with EC values of 64 and 50 µM, respectively. These results helped to redefine the metabolite profile of this medicinal plant. Additionally, the occurrence of malaxinic acid, caffeic acid ethyl ester, along with the lignans ternifoliuslignan D, 3-carboxy-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl) -naphthalene, globoidnan A and B, and rabdosiin was reported in S. Its structure was determined using extensive 2D NMR and ESI–MS experiments. An LC–ESI–Orbitrap–MS n metabolite profile of a hydroalcoholic extract of comfrey root guided the identification of 20 compounds, including a new arylnaphthalene lignan bearing a rare δ-lactone ring, named comfreyn A. However, the bioactive compounds associated with these therapeutic activities are yet to be identified. Comfrey anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties have been proven in clinical studies. Preparations of comfrey ( Symphytum officinale L.) roots are used topically to reduce inflammation.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |